28081999.me

Record 19112025 · captured 2026-08-25

Wednesday, 19 November 2025

The world looked up Google Chrome. 30 tracked subjects, 25 discussions, 25 papers. This record is frozen and will not change.

Complete record JSON

← 2025-11-18 Wednesday, 19 November 2025 2025-11-20 →

Attention 30

What the most people looked up, ranked by Wikipedia pageviews for that day.

  1. 325,544views

    Google Chrome

    Google Chrome is a cross-platform web browser developed by Google. It was launched in September 2008 for Microsoft Windows and was built with free software components from Apple WebKit and Mozilla Firefox. Versions for Linux, macOS, iOS, iPadOS, and Android we

  2. 273,910views

    2026 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)

    The European section of the 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification competition acted as qualifiers for the 2026 FIFA World Cup, that was held in Canada, Mexico and the United States, for national teams that were members of the Union of European Football Association

  3. 270,155views

    2026 FIFA World Cup qualification

    The 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification decided the 45 teams that joined hosts Canada, Mexico, and the United States at the 2026 FIFA World Cup.

  4. 232,594views

    Larry Summers

    Lawrence Henry Summers is an American economist. He served as the 71st United States Secretary of the Treasury from 1999 to 2001, the 27th president of Harvard University from 2001 to 2006, and the eighth director of the National Economic Council from 2009 to

  5. 214,656views

    Kessler Twins

    Alice and Ellen Kessler, usually credited as the Kessler Twins, were twin German singers, dancers and actresses who were popular in Europe, especially Germany and Italy, during the 1950s and 1960s.

  6. 207,920views

    Jeffrey Epstein

    Jeffrey Edward Epstein was an American financier and child sex offender. He began his career as a math teacher at the Dalton School in New York City, before entering the banking and finance sector. Over several decades, he made much of his fortune providing ta

  7. 204,903views

    Cloudflare

    Cloudflare, Inc., is an American technology company headquartered in San Francisco, California, that provides a range of internet services, including content delivery network (CDN) services, cloud cybersecurity, DDoS mitigation, and ICANN-accredited domain reg

  8. 202,591views

    2026 FIFA World Cup

    The 2026 FIFA World Cup was the 23rd FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial international men's soccer championship contested by the national teams of the member associations of FIFA. The tournament began on June 11, 2026, and concluded on July 19 with Spain winning

  9. 202,526views

    Website

    A website, or web site, is any web page whose content is identified by a common domain name and is published on at least one web server. Websites are typically dedicated to a particular topic or purpose, such as news, education, commerce, entertainment, or soc

  10. 173,077views

    Clay Higgins

    Glen Clay Higgins is an American politician and reserve law enforcement officer from the state of Louisiana. A Republican, Higgins is the U.S. representative for Louisiana's 3rd congressional district. The district, which contains much of the territory once re

  11. 155,304views

    Epstein files

    The Epstein files are a partially released collection of millions of documents, images, videos, and emails related to the activities of American financier and convicted child sex offender Jeffrey Epstein, including his social circle of public figures, politici

  12. 149,073views

    Marshawn Kneeland

    Marshawn Kneeland was an American professional football defensive end for the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League (NFL). He played two seasons with the Cowboys until his death in 2025. Kneeland played college football for the Western Michigan Bronco

  13. 142,341views

    Sheikh Hasina

    Sheikh Hasina Wazed is a Bangladeshi politician who served as Prime Minister of Bangladesh from 1996 to 2001 and again from 2009 to 2024. A daughter of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the first president of Bangladesh, she is Bangladesh's longest-serving prime minister

  14. 142,314views

    Lists of deaths by year

    This is a list of lists of deaths of significant people, organized by year. New deaths articles are added to their respective month and then linked below.

  15. 141,299views

    Survivor Series: WarGames (2025)

    The 2025 Survivor Series: WarGames, also promoted as Survivor Series: WarGames San Diego, was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) and livestreaming event produced by WWE. It was the 39th annual Survivor Series and took place on November 29, 2025, at Pe

  16. 128,952views

    Jess Glynne

    Jessica Hannah Glynne is an English singer and songwriter. She rose to prominence with her guest performances on the 2014 singles "Rather Be" by Clean Bandit and "My Love" by Route 94, both of which peaked the UK Singles Chart. Glynne signed with Atlantic Reco

  17. 111,490views

    2026 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA second round

    The UEFA second round of the qualification tournament for the 2026 FIFA World Cup, also known as the UEFA play-offs or European play-offs, was contested by sixteen teams from the UEFA segment of qualifying. The play-offs determined the final four European team

  18. 110,859views

    Bruce Lee

    Bruce Lee was a Hong Kong and American martial artist, actor, and filmmaker. He was the founder of Jeet Kune Do, a hybrid martial arts philosophy, which was formed from his experiences in unarmed fighting and self-defense—as well as eclectic, Zen Buddhist, and

  19. 108,637views

    Ruby Wax

    Ruby Wax is an American-British actress, comedian, writer, television presenter, and mental health campaigner. A classically trained actress, Wax began her career performing with the Royal Shakespeare Company, before co-starring on the ITV sitcom Girls on Top

  20. 107,395views

    The Beast in Me (TV series)

    The Beast in Me is an American psychological crime thriller television miniseries for Netflix, starring Claire Danes and Matthew Rhys. Created by Gabe Rotter, the series follows an author (Danes) who begins writing a book about her new next-door neighbor (Rhys

  21. 106,523views

    James A. Garfield

    James Abram Garfield was the 20th president of the United States, serving from March 1881 until his death in September that year after being shot in July. A preacher, lawyer, and Civil War general, Garfield served nine terms in the United States House of Repre

  22. 95,732views

    Claire Danes

    Claire Catherine Danes is an American actor. Prolific in film and television since her teens, she is the recipient of three Primetime Emmy Awards and four Golden Globe Awards. In 2012 and 2026, Time named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world

  23. 91,189views

    Encephalitis lethargica

    Encephalitis lethargica (EL) is an atypical form of encephalitis. Also known as "von Economo Encephalitis", "sleeping sickness" or "sleepy sickness", it was first described in 1917 by neurologist Constantin von Economo and pathologist Jean-René Cruchet. The di

  24. 90,269views

    Pluribus (TV series)

    Pluribus is an American post-apocalyptic science fiction television series created by Vince Gilligan for Apple TV. Set and filmed primarily in Albuquerque, New Mexico, the series follows novelist Carol Sturka, who finds herself isolated after an alien virus tr

  25. 88,098views

    2026 FIFA World Cup qualification (inter-confederation play-offs)

    The inter-confederation play-offs of the 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification tournament determined two qualification spots for the 2026 FIFA World Cup, played in Canada, Mexico, and the United States. The play-offs took place on 26 and 31 March 2026 at two venue

  26. 86,339views

    6-7

    6-7 was an Internet meme, slang term, and gesture that became popular in 2025 on TikTok and Instagram Reels. It has no fixed meaning.

  27. 85,481views

    Wicked: For Good

    Wicked: For Good is a 2025 musical fantasy film directed by Jon M. Chu and written by Winnie Holzman and Dana Fox. The sequel to Wicked (2024), it adapts the second act of the 2003 stage musical by Stephen Schwartz and Holzman, which was loosely based on Grego

  28. 83,265views

    Mohammed bin Salman

    Mohammed bin Salman Al Saud, also known as MbS, is the de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, formally serving as Crown Prince and Prime Minister. He is the heir apparent to the Saudi throne, the son of King Salman, and the grandson of the nation's fou

  29. 82,261views

    Olivia Nuzzi

    Olivia Nuzzi is an American writer and editor who briefly was the West Coast Editor of Vanity Fair. She was the Washington, D.C. correspondent for New York magazine from 2017 to 2024 and a writer for The Daily Beast covering the Donald Trump 2016 presidential

  30. 79,086views

    Jamal Khashoggi

    Jamal Ahmad Hamza Khashoggi was a Saudi journalist, dissident, author, columnist and editor. Khashoggi was assassinated at the Saudi consulate in Istanbul on 2 October 2018 by agents of the Saudi government at the behest of Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman.

Frontier 25

What the people building things argued about, from Hacker News.

  1. 975points

    Europe is scaling back GDPR and relaxing AI laws

    1,168 comments

  2. 692points

    Meta Segment Anything Model 3

    134 comments

  3. 619points

    The patent office is about to make bad patents untouchable

    91 comments

  4. 591points

    Show HN: I made a down detector for down detector

    170 comments

  5. 561points

    Gaming on Linux has never been more approachable

    406 comments

  6. 545points

    AI is a front for consolidation of resources and power

    448 comments

  7. 483points

    Building more with GPT-5.1-Codex-Max

    319 comments

  8. 468points

    Your smartphone, their rules: App stores enable corporate-government censorship

    250 comments

  9. 463points

    Thunderbird adds native Microsoft Exchange email support

    141 comments

  10. 458points

    The Death of Arduino?

    254 comments

  11. 430points

    Loose wire leads to blackout, contact with Francis Scott Key bridge

    222 comments

  12. 360points

    How to stay sane in a world that rewards insanity

    262 comments

  13. 339points

    A $1k AWS mistake

    265 comments

  14. 334points

    Larry Summers resigns from OpenAI board

    377 comments

  15. 319points

    Cognitive and mental health correlates of short-form video use

    203 comments

  16. 318points

    I just want working RCS messaging

    313 comments

  17. 310points

    Researchers discover security vulnerability in WhatsApp

    138 comments

  18. 302points

    Show HN: F32 – An Extremely Small ESP32 Board

    51 comments

  19. 274points

    Free interactive tool that shows you how PCIe lanes work on motherboards

    61 comments

  20. 256points

    Precise geolocation via Wi-Fi Positioning System

    114 comments

  21. 236points

    Copyparty, the FOSS file server [video]

    57 comments

  22. 234points

    Microsoft AI CEO pushes back against critics after recent Windows AI backlash

    381 comments

  23. 213points

    The Rust Performance Book (2020)

    33 comments

  24. 205points

    New magnetic component discovered in the Faraday effect

    82 comments

  25. 203points

    A down detector for down detector's down detector

    62 comments

Research 25

Papers submitted to arXiv cs.AI that day.

  1. arXiv2512.03048

    The Specification Trap: Why Static Value Alignment Alone Is Insufficient for Robust Alignment

    Static content-based AI value alignment is insufficient for robust alignment under capability scaling, distributional shift, and increasing autonomy. This holds for any approach that treats alignment as optimizing toward a fixed formal value-object, whether reward function, utility function, constitutional principles, or learned preference representation. Three philosophical results create compounding difficulties: H

    Austin Spizzirri

  2. arXiv2511.15927

    DiffuMamba: High-Throughput Diffusion LMs with Mamba Backbone

    Diffusion language models (DLMs) have emerged as a promising alternative to autoregressive (AR) generation, yet their reliance on Transformer backbones limits inference efficiency due to quadratic attention or KV-cache overhead. We introduce DiffuMamba, a masked diffusion language model built on a bidirectional Mamba backbone that combines the diffusion objective with linear-time sequence modeling, and DiffuMamba-H,

    Vaibhav Singh, Oleksiy Ostapenko, Pierre-André Noël, Eugene Belilovsky et al.

  3. arXiv2511.15921

    Thinking, Faithful and Stable: Mitigating Hallucinations in LLMs

    This project develops a self correcting framework for large language models (LLMs) that detects and mitigates hallucinations during multi-step reasoning. Rather than relying solely on final answer correctness, our approach leverages fine grained uncertainty signals: 1) self-assessed confidence alignment, and 2) token-level entropy spikes to detect unreliable and unfaithful reasoning in real time. We design a composit

    Chelsea Zou, Yiheng Yao, Basant Khalil

  4. arXiv2511.15895

    Decomposing Theory of Mind: How Emotional Processing Mediates ToM Abilities in LLMs

    Recent work shows activation steering substantially improves language models' Theory of Mind (ToM) (Bortoletto et al. 2024), yet the mechanisms of what changes occur internally that leads to different outputs remains unclear. We propose decomposing ToM in LLMs by comparing steered versus baseline LLMs' activations using linear probes trained on 45 cognitive actions. We applied Contrastive Activation Addition (CAA) st

    Ivan Chulo, Ananya Joshi

  5. arXiv2511.15884

    Box6D : Zero-shot Category-level 6D Pose Estimation of Warehouse Boxes

    Accurate and efficient 6D pose estimation of novel objects under clutter and occlusion is critical for robotic manipulation across warehouse automation, bin picking, logistics, and e-commerce fulfillment. There are three main approaches in this domain; Model-based methods assume an exact CAD model at inference but require high-resolution meshes and transfer poorly to new environments; Model-free methods that rely on

    Yintao Ma, Sajjad Pakdamansavoji, Amir Rasouli, Tongtong Cao

  6. arXiv2511.15874

    WALDO: Where Unseen Model-based 6D Pose Estimation Meets Occlusion

    Accurate 6D object pose estimation is vital for robotics, augmented reality, and scene understanding. For seen objects, high accuracy is often attainable via per-object fine-tuning but generalizing to unseen objects remains a challenge. To address this problem, past arts assume access to CAD models at test time and typically follow a multi-stage pipeline to estimate poses: detect and segment the object, propose an in

    Sajjad Pakdamansavoji, Yintao Ma, Amir Rasouli, Tongtong Cao

  7. arXiv2511.15870

    AquaSentinel: Next-Generation AI System Integrating Sensor Networks for Urban Underground Water Pipeline Anomaly Detection via Collaborative MoE-LLM Agent Architecture

    Underground pipeline leaks and infiltrations pose significant threats to water security and environmental safety. Traditional manual inspection methods provide limited coverage and delayed response, often missing critical anomalies. This paper proposes AquaSentinel, a novel physics-informed AI system for real-time anomaly detection in urban underground water pipeline networks. We introduce four key innovations: (1) s

    Qiming Guo, Bishal Khatri, Wenbo Sun, Jinwen Tang et al.

  8. arXiv2511.15857

    A Crowdsourced Study of ChatBot Influence in Value-Driven Decision Making Scenarios

    Similar to social media bots that shape public opinion, healthcare and financial decisions, LLM-based ChatBots like ChatGPT can persuade users to alter their behavior. Unlike prior work that persuades via overt-partisan bias or misinformation, we test whether framing alone suffices. We conducted a crowdsourced study, where 336 participants interacted with a neutral or one of two value-framed ChatBots while deciding t

    Anthony Wise, Xinyi Zhou, Martin Reimann, Anind Dey et al.

  9. arXiv2511.15848

    Step-Audio-R1 Technical Report

    Recent advances in reasoning models have demonstrated remarkable success in text and vision domains through extended chain-of-thought deliberation. However, a perplexing phenomenon persists in audio language models: they consistently perform better with minimal or no reasoning, raising a fundamental question - can audio intelligence truly benefit from deliberate thinking? We introduce Step-Audio-R1, the first audio r

    Fei Tian, Xiangyu Tony Zhang, Yuxin Zhang, Haoyang Zhang et al.

  10. arXiv2511.15846

    The Loss of Control Playbook: Degrees, Dynamics, and Preparedness

    This research report addresses the absence of an actionable definition for Loss of Control (LoC) in AI systems by developing a novel taxonomy and preparedness framework. Despite increasing policy and research attention, existing LoC definitions vary significantly in scope and timeline, hindering effective LoC assessment and mitigation. To address this issue, we draw from an extensive literature review and propose a g

    Charlotte Stix, Annika Hallensleben, Alejandro Ortega, Matteo Pistillo

  11. arXiv2511.15833

    EfficientSAM3: Progressive Hierarchical Distillation for Video Concept Segmentation from SAM1, 2, and 3

    The Segment Anything Model 3 (SAM3) advances visual understanding with Promptable Concept Segmentation (PCS) across images and videos, but its unified architecture (shared vision backbone, DETR-style detector, dense-memory tracker) remains prohibitive for on-device use. We present EfficientSAM3, a family of efficient models built on Progressive Hierarchical Distillation (PHD) that transfers capability from SAM3 to li

    Chengxi Zeng, Yuxuan Jiang, Aaron Zhang

  12. arXiv2511.15830

    Mini Amusement Parks (MAPs): A Testbed for Modelling Business Decisions

    Despite rapid progress in artificial intelligence, current systems struggle with the interconnected challenges that define real-world decision making. Practical domains such as business management require open-ended optimization, actively learning environment dynamics from sparse experience, planning over long horizons in stochastic settings, and reasoning over spatial information. Yet no existing human--AI benchmark

    Stéphane Aroca-Ouellette, Ian Berlot-Attwell, Panagiotis Lymperopoulos, Abhiramon Rajasekharan et al.

  13. arXiv2511.15825

    IMACT-CXR: An Interactive Multi-Agent Conversational Tutoring System for Chest X-Ray Interpretation

    IMACT-CXR is an interactive multi-agent conversational tutor that helps trainees interpret chest X-rays by unifying spatial annotation, gaze analysis, knowledge retrieval, and image-grounded reasoning in a single AutoGen-based workflow. The tutor simultaneously ingests learner bounding boxes, gaze samples, and free-text observations. Specialized agents evaluate localization quality, generate Socratic coaching, retrie

    Tuan-Anh Le, Anh Mai Vu, David Yang, Akash Awasthi et al.

  14. arXiv2511.15807

    TopoReformer: Mitigating Adversarial Attacks Using Topological Purification in OCR Models

    Adversarially perturbed images of text can cause sophisticated OCR systems to produce misleading or incorrect transcriptions from seemingly invisible changes to humans. Some of these perturbations even survive physical capture, posing security risks to high-stakes applications such as document processing, license plate recognition, and automated compliance systems. Existing defenses, such as adversarial training, inp

    Bhagyesh Kumar, A S Aravinthakashan, Akshat Satyanarayan, Ishaan Gakhar et al.

  15. arXiv2511.21722

    German General Social Survey Personas: A Survey-Derived Persona Prompt Collection for Population-Aligned LLM Studies

    The use of Large Language Models (LLMs) for simulating human perspectives via persona prompting is gaining traction in computational social science. However, well-curated, empirically grounded persona collections remain scarce, limiting the accuracy and representativeness of such simulations. Here, we introduce the German General Social Survey Personas (GGSS Personas) collection, a comprehensive and representative pe

    Jens Rupprecht, Leon Fröhling, Claudia Wagner, Markus Strohmaier

  16. arXiv2511.15704

    In-N-On: Scaling Egocentric Manipulation with in-the-wild and on-task Data

    Egocentric videos are a valuable and scalable data source to learn manipulation policies. However, due to significant data heterogeneity, most existing approaches utilize human data for simple pre-training, which does not unlock its full potential. This paper first provides a scalable recipe for collecting and using egocentric data by categorizing human data into two categories: in-the-wild and on-task alongside with

    Xiongyi Cai, Ri-Zhao Qiu, Geng Chen, Lai Wei et al.

  17. arXiv2511.15703

    Think Visually, Reason Textually: Vision-Language Synergy in ARC

    Abstract reasoning from minimal examples remains a core unsolved problem for frontier foundation models such as GPT-5 and Grok 4. These models still fail to infer structured transformation rules from a handful of examples, which is a key hallmark of human intelligence. The Abstraction and Reasoning Corpus for Artificial General Intelligence (ARC-AGI) provides a rigorous testbed for this capability, demanding conceptu

    Beichen Zhang, Yuhang Zang, Xiaoyi Dong, Yuhang Cao et al.

  18. arXiv2511.15699

    Joint Semantic-Channel Coding and Modulation for Token Communications

    In recent years, the Transformer architecture has achieved outstanding performance across a wide range of tasks and modalities. Token is the unified input and output representation in Transformer-based models, which has become a fundamental information unit. In this work, we consider the problem of token communication, studying how to transmit tokens efficiently and reliably. Point cloud, a prevailing three-dimension

    Jingkai Ying, Zhijin Qin, Yulong Feng, Liejun Wang et al.

  19. arXiv2511.15778

    Balancing Natural Language Processing Accuracy and Normalisation in Extracting Medical Insights

    Extracting structured medical insights from unstructured clinical text using Natural Language Processing (NLP) remains an open challenge in healthcare, particularly in non-English contexts where resources are scarce. This study presents a comparative analysis of NLP low-compute rule-based methods and Large Language Models (LLMs) for information extraction from electronic health records (EHR) obtained from the Voivode

    Paulina Tworek, Miłosz Bargieł, Yousef Khan, Tomasz Pełech-Pilichowski et al.

  20. arXiv2511.15684

    Walrus: A Cross-Domain Foundation Model for Continuum Dynamics

    Foundation models have transformed machine learning for language and vision, but achieving comparable impact in physical simulation remains a challenge. Data heterogeneity and unstable long-term dynamics inhibit learning from sufficiently diverse dynamics, while varying resolutions and dimensionalities challenge efficient training on modern hardware. Through empirical and theoretical analysis, we incorporate new appr

    Michael McCabe, Payel Mukhopadhyay, Tanya Marwah, Bruno Regaldo-Saint Blancard et al.

  21. arXiv2511.15675

    MF-GCN: A Multi-Frequency Graph Convolutional Network for Tri-Modal Depression Detection Using Eye-Tracking, Facial, and Acoustic Features

    Depression is a prevalent global mental health disorder, characterised by persistent low mood and anhedonia. However, it remains underdiagnosed because current diagnostic methods depend heavily on subjective clinical assessments. To enable objective detection, we introduce a gold standard dataset of 103 clinically assessed participants collected through a tripartite data approach which uniquely integrated eye trackin

    Sejuti Rahman, Swakshar Deb, MD. Sameer Iqbal Chowdhury, MD. Jubair Ahmed Sourov et al.

  22. arXiv2511.15661

    VisPlay: Self-Evolving Vision-Language Models from Images

    Reinforcement learning (RL) provides a principled framework for improving Vision-Language Models (VLMs) on complex reasoning tasks. However, existing RL approaches often rely on human-annotated labels or task-specific heuristics to define verifiable rewards, both of which are costly and difficult to scale. We introduce VisPlay, a self-evolving RL framework that enables VLMs to autonomously improve their reasoning abi

    Yicheng He, Chengsong Huang, Zongxia Li, Jiaxin Huang et al.

  23. arXiv2511.15658

    GEO-Bench-2: From Performance to Capability, Rethinking Evaluation in Geospatial AI

    Geospatial Foundation Models (GeoFMs) are transforming Earth Observation (EO), but evaluation lacks standardized protocols. GEO-Bench-2 addresses this with a comprehensive framework spanning classification, segmentation, regression, object detection, and instance segmentation across 19 permissively-licensed datasets. We introduce ''capability'' groups to rank models on datasets that share common characteristics (e.g.

    Naomi Simumba, Nils Lehmann, Paolo Fraccaro, Hamed Alemohammad et al.

  24. arXiv2511.15652

    Continual Reinforcement Learning for Cyber-Physical Systems: Lessons Learned and Open Challenges

    Continual learning (CL) is a branch of machine learning that aims to enable agents to adapt and generalise previously learned abilities so that these can be reapplied to new tasks or environments. This is particularly useful in multi-task settings or in non-stationary environments, where the dynamics can change over time. This is particularly relevant in cyber-physical systems such as autonomous driving. However, des

    Kim N. Nolle, Ivana Dusparic, Rhodri Cusack, Vinny Cahill

  25. arXiv2512.03047

    Entropy-Based Measurement of Value Drift and Alignment Work in Large Language Models

    Large language model safety is usually assessed with static benchmarks, but key failures are dynamic: value drift under distribution shift, jailbreak attacks, and slow degradation of alignment in deployment. Building on a recent Second Law of Intelligence that treats ethical entropy as a state variable which tends to increase unless countered by alignment work, we make this framework operational for large language mo

    Samih Fadli

On this calendar day 15

Notable events recorded on this day and month across all years.

  1. 2013year

    A double suicide bombing at the Iranian embassy in Beirut, Lebanon, killed 23 people and injured at least 160 others.

  2. 2010year

    The first of four explosions occurred at the Pike River Mine in the West Coast in New Zealand's worst mining disaster in nearly a century.

  3. 2005year

    Iraq War: A group of United States Marines massacred 25 people in the town of Haditha.

  4. 2002year

    The Greek oil tanker Prestige split in two and sank off the coast of Galicia after spilling 420 thousand barrels (17.8 million US gallons) of oil, in the worst environmental disaster in Spanish and Portuguese history.

  5. 1991year

    Mexican singer Luis Miguel released the album Romance, which led to a revival of interest in bolero music.

  6. 1985year

    The first of five summits (pictured) between Soviet general secretary Mikhail Gorbachev and U.S. president Ronald Reagan began in Geneva.

  7. 1969year

    Playing for Santos against Vasco da Gama in Rio de Janeiro, Brazilian footballer Pelé (pictured) scored his thousandth goal.

  8. 1942year

    World War II: Soviet troops launched Operation Uranus at the Battle of Stalingrad with the goal of encircling Axis forces, turning the tide of the battle in their favour.

  9. 1941year

    World War II: The Australian light cruiser HMAS Sydney and the German auxiliary cruiser Kormoran destroyed each other in the Indian Ocean.

  10. 1933year

    The Union of the Right, a coalition of right-wing parties, won the majority of seats in the 1933 Spanish general election, the first election in the country with suffrage extended to women.

  11. 1863year

    American Civil War: Confederate forces began the Siege of Knoxville against Union fortifications, surrounding most of the city.

  12. 1863year

    American Civil War: U.S. president Abraham Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.

  13. 1824year

    Temenggong Abdul Rahman of Johor and Sultan Hussein Shah of Johor ceded the governance of Singapore to the British East India Company.

  14. 1794year

    The United States and Great Britain signed the Jay Treaty, the basis for ten years of peaceful trade between the two nations.

  15. 1620year

    The Mayflower (depicted), which brought the Pilgrims from England to the New World, sighted Cape Cod.